Treatment of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in U.S. full-scale water treatment systems.

Water treatment techniques such as ferric or alum coagulation, granular/micro-/ultra- filtration, aeration, oxidation, disinfection, and disinfection were mostly ineffective in removing PFASs, however, anion exchange and granular activated carbon treatment preferably removed longer-chain PFAss and the PFSAs compared to the PFCAs, and reverse osmosis demonstrated significant removal for all thePFASs.