The Impact of Problem-Based Learning on Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in Secondary Geography: A Quasi-Experimental Study

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) method in enhancing Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) among secondary school geography students. Using a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test control groups, the research involved IX students from a CBSE school KV. NO. 2 Angul, Odisha. Quantitative analysis, including independent t-tests was used to measure improvements in critical thinking, analysis, and evaluation. Findings indicate that PBL significantly outperforms traditional lecture-based methods, particularly in indicators like proposing alternative solutions and abstract thinking.