The Evolution of E-Learning towards the Emergence of Artificial Intelligence (A Narrative Review)

In recent years, the speed of adoption and implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education has increased markedly. By leveraging technologies including machine learning and language processing, improvements in learning have been achieved for learners, in line with the principles of personalized learning. This review study aims to examine the implementation of AI in university education. A search was conducted in databases between 1990 to 2022 using relevant keywords. Inclusion criteria consisted of original studies related to the implementation of AI in university education and with empirical evaluation or modeling. 42 selected articles were reviewed. The findings showed that AI is used in university education for personalized learning, intelligent tutoring systems, virtual assistants, automation, data analysis, and improving instructional design. There are also challenges such as privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, and reduction of human interactions. AI has the potential to transform learning and education in universities through an evidence-based and ethical approach. An intelligent integration of traditional pedagogies and new technologies is required.