Sustainable conversion of agricultural waste to activated biochar: Optimization and modelling of methylene blue adsorption

This research investigated the transformation of agricultural waste into useful materials employed for wastewater adsorption treatment containing textile dyes. The synthesized materials underwent various analysis to investigate their physicochemical characteristics. It was shown in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy that Surface-active functional moieties have changed, while X-ray diffraction demonstrated changes to the mineral structure. The hydroxyde de potassium activated sample showed highly developed porous microstructure, and scanning electron microscopy morphology was corresponding to a high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, Surface development of 108,022 m 2 /g. The optimization of operational parameters was executed by a statistical approach based on a central composite design. A significant association between the measured data and the pseudo-first-order model was observed was a good descriptor and supported the hypothesis that the adsorption occurred via a physisorption mechanism. Moreover, the Sips isotherm model reflected an excellent fit to the equilibrium data. These findings demonstrate the strong potential of the developed materials for methylene blue adsorption and support their application in water treatment processes.