Roots of Discord, Pathways to Peace: A Study of Inter-Group Relations in Okunland, Kogi State, Nigeria

This study examines inter-group relations and conflict resolution in Okunland, a Yoruba-speaking region within Kogi State, Nigeria, spanning the period 1960 to 2020. Despite its cultural significance, Okunland remains comparatively under-researched within Nigerian conflict studies. The study investigates the causes, patterns, and evolution of conflicts rooted in colonial legacies, land tenure disputes, political marginalisation, geographical pressures, and identity contention. Adopting a qualitative research design, primary data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with traditional rulers, community leaders, elders, youth, and women. The study is theoretically grounded in Realist Conflict Theory and Social Identity Theory, providing an integrated framework that addresses both material and psychosocial drivers of conflict. Findings reveal that sustainable peace in Okunland has been most effectively achieved through hybrid approaches combining the cultural legitimacy of indigenous mediation with the procedural authority of formal legal institutions. Four case studies illustrate how traditional mechanisms, including elder councils and oath-taking ceremonies, successfully resolved disputes where formal processes proved inadequate. The study recommends formalising hybrid conflict-resolution frameworks, pursuing inclusive land reform, ensuring equitable political representation, and mainstreaming gender and youth participation in peacebuilding processes to promote long-term social cohesion across Okunland's diverse communities.