Research Progress and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence in Empowering Water Algal Bloom Early Warning under Climate Change

: Algal blooms in water bodies have become a significant ecological and environmental issue worldwide, with climate change exacerbating their frequency, intensity, and unpredictability. This has made the challenge of preventing and controlling algal blooms more complex and severe. As new industrialization and urbanization continue to advance, many river basins in China are also experiencing mounting pressure regarding algal bloom warning and prevention. In the context of accelerating the construction of ecological civilization, achieving effective algal bloom warnings has garnered significant attention from both academia and industry. In recent years, artificial intelligence technologies, particularly machine learning and deep learning, have introduced new paradigms for algal bloom warning. These technologies, with their powerful feature extraction and representation capabilities, hold promising potential. This study systematically analyzes the challenges and new developments in water algal bloom warning under the influence of climate change, reviews the progress of artificial intelligence in this field, and explores theoretical frontiers and future research directions. Finally, an intelligent early warning system empowered by artificial intelligence is proposed, encompassing a comprehensive framework from data collection to multi-model collaboration and intelligent decision-making. This framework aims to provide a reference for long-term health development and sustainable governance of aquatic ecosystems.