Regulation of Soil Microbial Diversity on the Stability of Farmland Ecosystem

In this paper, the regulatory effect of soil microbial diversity on the stability of farmland ecosystem under different agricultural management measures was systematically discussed through comparative experimental design. Select typical intensive farmland in major grain producing areas in China, and set up four treatments: conventional management (CON), organic agriculture (ORG), ecological enhancement (ECO), and natural restoration (NAT). Continuously monitor soil physical and chemical properties, microbial community structure, and ecosystem stability indicators. The results showed that ORG and ECO treatments significantly increased soil organic matter, total nitrogen content, and pH value (p<0.05), and significantly enhanced the Shannon Wiener diversity index of bacteria and fungi. The analysis of microbial community structure shows that ecological management measures restore the community to its natural state. The complexity of the microbial co-occurrence network is highest under ECO treatment, and key groups such as Proteobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are significantly correlated with system stability. Structural equation modeling (SEM) further reveals that microbial diversity is a core factor in regulating ecosystem stability, indirectly optimizing agricultural ecological stability by enhancing soil function and strengthening system resistance and resilience. The study emphasizes that enhancing soil microbial diversity is a key path to achieving sustainable agricultural development, ensuring food security, and ecological balance.