Real-Time Monitoring Technology for Physiological States in Brain Computer Interface Systems

: Since the early 2000s, Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems have emerged as a transforma-tive technology in neuroscience, enabling direct communication between the brain and exter-nal devices. Originally developed to restore motor functions and control external systems, BCIs now extends to real-time physiological state monitoring. This paper explores the evolu-tion and methodologies of BCIs, focusing on signal detection techniques. Non-invasive meth-ods, such as Electroencephalography (EEG) and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), provide safe and accessible options, while invasive techniques like Electrocorticogra-phy (ECoG) offer superior precision. Hybrid BCIs, integrating modalities such as EEG-fNIRS, enhance performance by combining the strengths of individual technologies. The applications of BCIs span clinical and non-clinical domains, including stroke rehabilitation, communica-tion for individuals with severe impairments, brain-controlled gaming, and artistic creation. Recent advancements in signal acquisition, processing, and integration, such as improved electrode designs and real-time signal processing algorithms, have established BCIs as a criti-cal tool for neurotechnological innovation, with immense potential to transform healthcare and human-computer interaction.