Next-Generation Closed-Loop Neural Interfaces: Circuit and AI-driven innovations

Neural interfaces have opened new frontiers in neurology and neuroscience, offering possibilities for understanding the brain and developing therapeutic devices to restore or replace lost functions. Among these interfaces, the closed-loop systems, including both invasive and noninvasive neurostimulation technologies and brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), hold great promise for realizing these goals. Closed-loop systems continuously monitor and modulate neural activity in real time, enabling precise control and targeted intervention for symptom management, movement restoration, or other therapeutic purposes. Moreover, closed-loop neuromodulation is expanding the capabilities of peripheral and spinal cord interfaces, improving sensorimotor function recovery and enhancing prosthetic control.