Nanophotonics and nanochemistry: controlling the excitation dynamics for frequency up- and down-conversion in lanthanide-doped nanoparticles.

It is shown that nanochemistry plays a vital role in the design and interface engineering of nanophosphors, providing pathways to expand their range of applications, including in high contrast bioimaging, photodynamic therapy, drug release and gene delivery, nanothermometry, and solar cells.