Manifest causality in quantum field theory with sources and detectors

A bstractWe introduce a way to compute scattering amplitudes in quantum field theory including the effects of particle production and detection. Our amplitudes are manifestly causal, by which we mean that the source and detector are always linked by a connected chain of retarded propagators. We show how these amplitudes can be derived from a path integral, using the Schwinger-Keldysh “in-in” formalism. Focussing on ϕ3 theory, we confirm that our approach agrees with the standard S-matrix approach in the case of positive energy plane-wave scattering.