K-Pop Idols as Dependent Self-Employment Workers: Exploitation, Subordination, and Labor Protections

Abstract The K-pop industry has gained global prominence, yet idol singers continue to face exploitation and economic insecurity. This paper introduces the dual subordination framework to analyze structural inequalities within the industry, where idols are highly dependent on both entertainment agencies and media conglomerates. Drawing on Porter’s value chain theory and Bilton’s concept of risk and exploitation, this study highlights how idols disproportionately bear risks while corporations extract profits. To contextualize these dynamics, the paper examines two key examples: Dependent Self-Employment (DSE) protections for economically dependent gig workers and Japan’s recent recognition of J-pop idols as employees. Using the Fifty Fifty dispute as a case study, this research illustrates how idols’ lack of labor protections reinforces their financial and contractual vulnerability. By integrating insights from global labor frameworks, this paper advocates for policy reforms to reclassify idols as dependent workers, implement fair contract regulations, and enhance revenue transparency. Recognizing idols as workers could provide essential labor protections and foster discussions on collective labor rights within the industry.