Internet of Things for Environmental Management: A Review

TLDR

This review combines studies of over 108 peer-reviewed publications that were categorized within five application domains that were categorized within five application domains: air quality monitoring, precision agriculture and soil management, water and wastewater monitoring, wildlife and habitat conservation, and smart-city integration.

Abstract

The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has developed an important technology of environmental management,

which provides unprecedented functionalities for real-time sensing, data analysis, and automated control in a variety of

ecological fields. This review combines studies of over 108 peer-reviewed publications (2014–2025) that were categorized within

five application domains: (1) air quality monitoring, (2) precision agriculture and soil management, (3) water and wastewater

monitoring, (4) wildlife and habitat conservation, and (5) smart-city integration. For each domain, we review system

architectures, deployment case studies, performance numbers and bottlenecks—like energy harvesting, sensor calibration,

interoperability, data security, and equitable access. Finally, we highlight remaining challenges and future work, such as Green

IoT paradigm, edge-AI fusion, standardized evaluation protocols, and the novel participatory governance model, to enable

scalable, sustainable and socially beneficial deployments