Integrating Biophilic and Passive Design Strategies in Nigerian Architecture

This systematic review explores the integration of biophilic (nature-based) and passive (climate-responsive) design strategies in contemporary Nigerian architecture, assessing their impacts on sustainability, thermal comfort, user well-being, and energy efficiency. Following PRISMA guidelines, 30 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025 were reviewed, spanning residential, institutional, hospitality, and healthcare settings. The evidence demonstrates that passive design strategies such as building orientation, shading, insulation, and natural ventilation improve indoor thermal conditions and reduce energy use by up to 50%. Biophilic elements, including natural lighting, greenery, and water features, are associated with reduced stress, enhanced cognitive function, and improved user satisfaction. However, adoption in Nigeria remains limited; for instance, only 28.6% of examined high-rise condominiums in Lagos applied passive cooling measures, and less than 20% incorporated biophilic features beyond basic daylighting. Major barriers include weak regulatory enforcement, high upfront costs, and low awareness among practitioners. The study concludes with policy and design recommendations, including stricter code enforcement, incentive structures, and biophilic education frameworks, to support more sustainable and human-centred building practices in Nigeria.