Groundwater Suitability Mapping in Jimma and Borena Zones of Ethiopia Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques

Groundwater is a vital resource in arid and semi-arid regions, such as Ethiopia’s Jimma and Borena zones, where surface water availability is limited. This study employs Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to delineate groundwater potential zones. Key hydrogeological parameters, including lithology, slope, land use/land cover, drainage density, and recharge, were analyzed and weighted using the AHP to generate suitability maps. The findings indicate that in Jimma, 4.6% of the area is highly suitable for groundwater development, 24% is moderately suitable, and 70% has low suitability. In Borena, 6.2% of the area is highly suitable, 42.6% is moderately suitable, and 51.1% exhibits low suitability due to topographic and geological constraints. Validation using borehole data confirms the model’s reliability, demonstrating strong agreement with observed groundwater yields. These results provide a cost-effective approach for groundwater exploration and highlight the necessity of geophysical surveys in complex terrains to enhance mapping accuracy. This study offers valuable insights for water resource planners and policymakers, supporting sustainable groundwater management strategies in the region.