Functional variation of neck muscles and their relation to feeding style in Tyrannosauridae and other large theropod dinosaurs

Reconstructed neck muscles of large theropod dinosaurs suggest influences on feeding style that paralleled variation in skull mechanics, and neck muscle morphology is consistent with puncture‐and‐pull and powerful shake feeding in tyrannosaurids, relatively rapid strikes in Allosaurus and Ceratosaurus, and ventroflexive augmentation of weaker jaw muscle forces in the nontyrannosaurid.