Fire Safety Optimization through Assessment of Active and Passive Fire Protection Systems in High-Rise Structures

Fire incidents in high-rise buildings continue to pose significant threats to human life, property, business continuity, and the environment. Rapid urbanization, increasing population density, and the growing demand for mixed-use high-rise developments have amplified the complexity of fire safety management in modern buildings. Mixed-use high-rise structure accommodate diverse occupancies such as residential, commercial, office, retail, and recreational facilities within a single structure, thereby increasing fire risks and presenting unique challenges in fire prevention, detection, suppression, evacuation, and emergency response.

The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness, adequacy, and operational performance of fire protection systems installed in selected mixed-use high-rise buildings in Indore city. The study focuses on both active fire protection systems, including fire detection and alarm systems, automatic sprinkler systems, fire hydrants, hose reels, smoke management systems, and portable fire extinguishers, as well as passive fire protection measures such as fire-resistant construction, compartmentation, fire doors, protected escape routes, and emergency exits.

A combination of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies was adopted to achieve the objectives of the study. Primary data were collected through site inspections, structured questionnaires, interviews with facility managers and fire safety personnel, document reviews, and fire safety audits. The performance of various fire protection systems was assessed using a risk-based evaluation framework and compliance criteria based on the National Building Code (NBC) of India, relevant Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) provisions, and fire safety best practices. Performance indices and statistical analysis techniques were employed to evaluate system effectiveness and identify deficiencies affecting overall fire safety performance.

The findings of the study indicate that while most buildings have installed essential fire protection systems, several shortcomings exist in system maintenance, periodic testing, occupant awareness, emergency preparedness, evacuation planning, and integration between active and passive fire protection measures. The study further reveals that the effectiveness of fire safety management depends not only on the availability of fire protection equipment but also on regular inspection, maintenance, training, and adherence to fire safety regulations.

The research concludes that optimal fire safety in mixed-use high-rise buildings can be achieved through a comprehensive and integrated approach that combines effective fire protection systems, robust fire safety management practices, regulatory compliance, and continuous improvement mechanisms. The recommendations provided in this study are expected to assist building owners, facility managers, safety professionals, and regulatory authorities in enhancing fire safety performance and reducing fire-related risks in high-rise developments..