Economic integration and trade performance: assessing the effectiveness of the East African Community as a trade bloc

Abstract This study examines the effectiveness of the East African Community (EAC) as a regional trade bloc by analyzing comprehensive trade data from 2009 to 2023. The research employs longitudinal analysis to assess trade patterns, infrastructure challenges and economic integration outcomes. Results reveal that Kenya dominates intra-regional exports, with trade volumes reaching $1.8 billion in 2022, primarily driven by exports to Uganda ($896 million) and Tanzania ($488 million). However, intra-EAC trade represents only 15–20$0.17–$0.25 per ton-kilometer nearly triple the$0.06–$0.09 observed in developed regions. External trade analysis shows China’s growing influence, with bilateral trade volumes increasing by 500–800$8.2 billion with Kenya alone in 2022. The research also documents 100+ active non-tariff barriers (NTBs) and substantial power infrastructure deficiencies, with electricity access ranging from 75% in Kenya to below 40% in Burundi. These findings indicate that while the EAC has established foundational integration mechanisms, significant structural and policy reforms are needed to achieve deeper regional economic integration and more equitable distribution of trade benefits among member states. Impact statement This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the East African Community’s (EAC) performance as a regional trade bloc from 2009 to 2023, offering critical insights into the real-world outcomes of African regional integration efforts. By analyzing trade data, infrastructure conditions, and policy frameworks, the research highlights the EAC’s limited intra-regional trade 15–20% of total trade despite the implementation of customs and market protocols. The study reveals significant disparities among member states, with Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda dominating trade flows, while Rwanda and Burundi remain marginal. These findings are essential for policymakers, regional planners, and development agencies seeking to promote inclusive growth and deepen integration under initiatives like the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The paper underscores the urgent need for targeted infrastructure investment, non-tariff barrier elimination, and institutional reforms to achieve a more balanced and competitive regional economy. The insights derived from this work directly inform efforts to enhance regional cooperation, reduce external trade dependency, and ensure equitable participation of smaller economies in regional value chains.