Data Security Governance: A Review of Theoretical Framework, Evolving Challenges, and Response Approaches

In the context of a data-driven digital society, the security of user data has become a global focal point. Based on a keyword co-occurrence network analysis of core Chinese and English literature from 2020–2025, this paper systematically reviews the current research landscape and evolution of hotspots in the field of user data security. The study finds that this field has formed a collaborative pattern integrating policy guidance, technology-driven development, market practice, and intelligent applications. Further, from the perspectives of policy, technology, and organization, the paper summarizes the main challenges faced by enterprises today, including the complexity of cross-border data flow policies, bottlenecks in privacy protection technologies, and fragmentation in internal data ecosystem governance. In response to these issues, the paper proposes three strategic countermeasures: cross-border data compliance governance, innovative privacy computing architectures, and organizational security coordination. It also explores practical solutions such as the “1+6+X” security management framework, multi-level privacy computing platforms, and cross-border data security gateways. Through a comparative analysis of products from leading vendors, this paper outlines current trends in data security technologies and industry practice paths, aiming to provide a systematic reference and theoretical support for future user data security governance.