Cumulative Head Impact Exposure Predicts Later-Life Depression, Apathy, Executive Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Former High School and College Football Players
Cumulative Head Impact Exposure Predicts Later-Life Depression, Apathy, Executive Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Former High School and College Football Players
P. Montenigro,M. Alosco,10 Authors,Yorghos Tripodis
2017 · DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4413
Journal of Neurotrauma · 519 Citations
TLDR
A bivariate probit, instrumental variable model revealed a threshold dose-response relationship between the CHII and risk for later-life cognitive impairment and risk for later-life cognitive impairment, and the CHII demonstrated greater predictive validity than other individual exposure metrics.