CRISPR: An overview of CRISPR-Cas systems and their diagnostic methods for pathogen detection

Early and rapid diagnosis of pathogens is crucial for preventing and controlling epidemic diseases. While traditional microbial detection methods serve their purpose, they often have limitations such as low sensitivity and specificity. In contrast, the CRISPR-Cas system is known for its high specificity, high sensitivity and robustness which offers a promising alternative for pathogen detection. This review provides an update on the CRISPR-Cas system, covering the history and classification of CRISPR-Cas systems. It also outlines the diverse CRISPR‑based strategies and summarizes recent advances in nucleic acid–based diagnostic methods for pathogenic detection, thus broadening the understanding of CRISPR’s diagnostic potential. The review also focuses on the different CRISPR-Cas systems-based detection of pathogenic microorganisms and recent advances of each nucleic acid-based detection method. This serves to enhance the understanding of the broader implications of the CRISPR system. Beyond the current state of CRISPR-Cas system applications, some of the challenges associated with CRISPR-Cas system usage are addressed, offering insights that could guide innovative solutions and advancements. This review looks ahead to future research perspectives by using CRISPR-Cas technology as a novel platform of next-generation diagnostics. By integrating the current applications, emerging challenges and diagnostic strategies, this review provides a comprehensive overview of CRISPR‑Cas systems. Additionally, this review sets itself apart by emphasizing system‑specific CRISPR‑Cas strategies that support the advancement of next‑generation diagnostic platforms.