Blockchain-Enabled Land Registration System: A Comprehensive Review and Implementation Framework

The registration of land is a critical part of protecting property rights and enabling exchanges of real estate. However, conventional land registration systems in many countries suffer continual problems of fraudulent ownership transfers, inefficiencies associated with administration, low transparency, and corruption. The result is ownership disputes, reduced confidence in public authorities, and loss of money. The unique characteristics of blockchain technology - decentralization, immutability, transparency, and automation with smart contracts - provide a solid basis for reform in land registration systems. This article provides a comprehensive overview of blockchain supported land registration systems in the literature. It includes systems, advantages and disadvantages. Based on the overview, a blockchain supported land registration system is proposed and developed in Ethereum, Solidity, Flask, MongoDB, Truffle, Ganache and Metamask. The system incorporates features of state verification of land ownership records, automated land transfers and auctioning land for sale. The prototype was successfully demonstrated and showed significant improvements in fraud prevention, transparency and efficiency. Challenges included specific scalability - meaning legal systems at national levels be used - and minimizing gas costs. Future work will focus on hybrid architectures, consensus optimization, and harmonizing the policies needed for national adoption in individual countries.