Artificial Recharge of Groundwater as a Management Tool for the Kabul Basin, Afghanistan

............................................................................................................................. iv Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 General Information .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem Statement .................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Importance of the Study ............................................................................................ 3 1.4 Research Hypotheses ................................................................................................ 3 1.5 Research Objectives .................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................. 4 2.1 Groundwater ............................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Artificial Recharge of Groundwater ......................................................................... 4 2.3 Methods of Artificial Recharge of Groundwater ...................................................... 6 2.4 Source of Water for Artificial Recharge of Groundwater ...................................... 12 2.5 Identifying the Suitable Site.................................................................................... 13 2.6 Disadvantages of Artificial Recharge of Groundwater ........................................... 13 2.7 Modeling in Groundwater Management ................................................................. 13 2.8 Modeling Artificial Recharge of Groundwater ....................................................... 14 2.9 Particle Tracking ..................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 3: Description of the Study Area ......................................................................... 16 3.1 General Background ............................................................................................... 16 3.2 Location .................................................................................................................. 16 3.3 Topography and Geology ....................................................................................... 19 3.4 Climate and Hydrology ........................................................................................... 20 Chapter 4: Methodology ................................................................................................... 27 4.1 Description of Groundwater Modeling System ...................................................... 28 4.2 Description of MODFLOW-2005........................................................................... 28 4.3 Description of Particle Tracking Post Processing Model MODPATH .................. 29 4.4 The USGS Groundwater Flow Model for the Kabul Basin, Afghanistan .............. 30 4.5 Site Selection .......................................................................................................... 30 4.6 Steps in Application of Artificial Recharge to the Study Area ............................... 32 Chapter 5: Results and Discussions .................................................................................. 41 5.1 Local Grid Refinement Results ............................................................................... 41 5.2 Artificial Recharge of Groundwater Results ........................................................... 44 5.3 MODPATH Particle Tracking Results ................................................................... 49 Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusions .............................................................................. 52 References ......................................................................................................................... 55 Vita .................................................................................................................................... 62