A Review of Ethical Considerations in Using Artificial Intelligence in E-Learning

The implementation of artificial intelligence in education (AIED) is in the spotlight due to being the most substantial advancement of the century. But, despite being beneficial to e-learning, AI has imposed ethical risks and challenges that need to be addressed. Hence, we aim to present a literature review concerning ethical considerations in using AI in e-learning. In this regard, we restored all relevant articles from 5 databases (Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Web of science and Eric) based on PRISMA guidelines and predefined inclusion criteria, from January 2013 till June 2023. Each reviewer conducted the process of selecting studies and extracting data, which was then synthesized using a narrative method. Initially, 169 articles were identified through the search, with 38 articles meeting the predetermined inclusion criteria for data analysis. The majority of these articles centered on a broad discourse concerning ethics and artificial intelligence. Nevertheless, in most retrieved studies, there was a limited examination of ethical considerations regarding using AI in e-learning. Among them, respecting human rights, privacy, equity and fairness, trust and accountability, transparency; enhancing learning outcomes through surveillance of learners' performance and their learning process; providing equal opportunities to have access to technologies, and avoiding any discrimination and bias were the main ethical considerations regarding using AI in e-learning. We have explained a set of general principles and ethical considerations related to the application of AI in e-learning that can assist in designing new autonomous systems and also help to consider ethical concerns when integrating AI in online educational settings. More research, however, are needed to secure the safety and appropriateness of these systems for the students, teachers, institutions, and society altogether.