A grounded theory investigation of cross-racial therapeutic alliance

ABSTRACT The researchers conducted this study to develop an abstracted theory on how White counselors engage in therapeutic alliances with clients of color with multiple marginalized identities. Using Corbin and Strauss’ framework, we identified causal conditions, contextual factors, intervening conditions, actions, phenomenon, consequences, and a core category. The model, based on interviews with 18 White counselors, highlights advocacy’s role in cross-racial/ethnic alliances. Implications for counselor training, advocacy, supervision, multiculturalism/social justice, and anti-racist praxis are discussed.