A Comprehensive Review of the Environmental Impacts of Gully Erosion in the Semi-Arid Zone of Northeastern Nigeria: Implications for Sustainable Land Management

Gully erosion remains one of the most serious environmental challenges affecting semi-arid regions by causing widespread damage to land, ecosystems, and livelihoods. These areas marked by low and irregular rainfall, fragile soils, and intense human pressure are particularly vulnerable to rapid land degradation. This review paper explores the environmental impacts of gully erosion, with a special focus on its implications for Nigeria. Drawing from a wide range of studies, it discusses the underlying causes and dynamics of gully formation and emphasizing on how human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, and unsustainable farming practices have worsened natural vulnerabilities. The paper highlights the far-reaching consequences of gully erosion, including the loss of fertile agricultural land, decline in soil health, destruction of critical infrastructure, sedimentation of water bodies, and disruption of local ecosystems. In Nigeria, particularly in northern states like Adamawa, Yobe, and Borno, the problem has intensified due to increasing population pressures and shifting climatic conditions. Although various control measures from vegetation restoration to engineering solutions have been introduced, efforts are often hampered by limited resources, lack of awareness, and weak policy enforcement.This review calls for a more integrated and proactive approach to managing gully erosion by combining scientific knowledge, community participation, and effective governance. It also underscores the importance of promoting climate-resilient land management practices to protect vulnerable landscapes. By synthesizing existing research, the paper offers insights that can guide future studies, inform policy interventions, and support practical solutions aimed at mitigating the growing threat of gully erosion in Nigeria’s semi-arid regions and beyond.