Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) and Machine Learning (ML) Applied to Tropical Forest Mapping Using Sentinel-2

Abstract The purpose of this research was to distinguish and estimate natural forest areas at Paraná, Brazil. Forest plantations (Silviculture) and natural forests have high annual vegetative vigor, as well as agricultural areas in the periods of agricultural harvests, which can bring classification errors between these classes of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC), these classes have similar spectral signatures, but have a distinct texture that can be separated in the supervised classification process, with the joining of object and pixel-to-pixel classification method approaches. Thus, image segmentation techniques through Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) and Machine Learning (ML) made forest mapping possible over a large territorial extension. The Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform was used to calculate the vegetation indices (VIs) and Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) fraction spectral from Sentinel-2 images, and the creation of homogeneous spectrally shaped regions under supervised classification of phytoecological regions and mesoregions. The overall precision obtained in the mappings resulted in 0.94 Kappa Index (KI) and 96% of Overall Accuracy (OA), which indicates a high performance in large-scale forest mapping. The proposed dataset, source codes and trained models are available on Github (https://github.com/Cechim/simepar-brazil/), creating opportunities for further ad vances in the field.