Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Tutoring Systems in Differential Calculus Education: A Global Review (2019–2025)

Differential calculus is a vital subject in many STEM programs, yet students often find abstract concepts like limits, derivatives, and the connection between rates of change challenging. The recent growth of artificial intelligence (AI) and intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) provides opportunities to customize calculus teaching, offer immediate feedback, and support learners outside traditional classrooms. This review compiles research from 2019 to 2025 on the use of AI—especially ITS—in college-level differential calculus. It explores technological bases, effectiveness, limitations, ethical issues, and future directions. Studies from North America, Asia, Europe, and Latin America are included to give a global view. While evidence suggests AI tutors can boost engagement and help students grasp concepts better, issues remain regarding accuracy, fairness, teacher involvement, and data privacy. Suggestions are provided for thoughtfully incorporating AI into differential calculus education.