A lightweight YOLOv11-based framework for small steel defect detection with a newly enhanced feature fusion module

In order to address the challenges of deployment difficulties and low small-object detection efficiency in current deep learning-based defect detection models on terminal devices with limited computational capacity, this paper proposes a lightweight steel surface defect detection model, Pyramid-based Small-target Fusion YOLO (PSF-YOLO), based on an improved YOLOv11n object detection framework. The model employs a low-parameter Ghost convolution (GhostConv) to substantially reduce the required computational resources. Additionally, the traditional feature pyramid network structure is replaced with a Multi-Dimensional-Fusion neck (MDF-Neck) to enhance small-object perception and reduce the number of model parameters. Moreover, to achieve multi-dimensional integration in the neck, a Virtual Fusion Head is utilized, and the design of an Attention Concat module further improves target feature extraction, thereby significantly enhancing overall detection performance. Experimental results on the GC10-DET+ dataset demonstrate that PSF-YOLO reduces model parameters by 25% while achieving improvements of 3.2% and 3.3% in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$mAP_{50}$$\end{document} and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$mAP_{50-95}$$\end{document}, respectively, compared to the baseline model. This approach offers valuable insights and practical applicability for deploying defect detection models on terminal devices with limited computational resources.