The evolution of digital technologies in dentistry: Latest updates, challenges and barriers

Digital technology has brought about an important evolution in the dental field, especially in diagnostic, treatment/surgery planning and design/manufacturing processes. From early developments in computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems to the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Additive Manufacturing (AM), this review aims to provide an overview of major advancements which have formed digital dentistry. This review synthesizes historical and recent literature on digital technologies used in dentistry, categorizing them into six key domains: diagnostic tools, scanning systems, design and manufacturing technologies, treatment planning and simulation, patient management, and artificial intelligence/machine learning applications. The study highlights the applications, benefits, and current limitations of each category. Digital technologies have significantly improved patient comfort, clinical efficiency andtreatment accuracy.Tools such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), intraoral scanners, CAD/CAM systems, and digital workflow software allow for more predictable and personalized care. AI-driven diagnostics and treatment planning, combined with additive manufacturing, further optimize outcomes. Despite these advances, challenges such as high initial costs, technical barriers, and training needs still block full acceptance in some practices. Digital dentistry has revolutionized dental care delivery and continues to advance rapidly. Its integration offers numerous clinical and operational advantages, yet further innovation and strategic implementation are required to ensure equitable access and sustainable assumption across the dental field.