Optimized FPGA Architecture for Modular Reduction in NTT

A comprehensive analysis of various modular multiplication methods for Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) on FPGA, and develops a DSP multiplication-optimized version of Word-Level Montgomery, which is highly resource-efficient and introduces a subclass of Proth primes, referred to as Proth-l primes, characterized by a low and fixed signed Hamming Weight.