Automatic Performance Assessment in Three-dimensional Interactive Haptic Medical Simulators: A Systematic Review

This study presents a literature systematic review of automatic performance assessment in three-dimensional interactive medical and dental simulators with haptic feedback, resulting in 63 included articles. The main contributions regard analysis and discussion of investigated procedures, extracted metrics, experiment types, and assessment techniques. Studies have mostly focused on assessing performance by analyzing metrics using statistical techniques, while machine learning algorithms appear to be underexplored. Metrics related to time were observed in 84% of the studies, and aspects related to force, error and precision were investigated to a lesser degree. Difficulties reported in the articles are discussed, and research opportunities are presented.